User blog:KurwaAntics/Slavic grammar

I spend quite a lot of time to read the Russian grammar cheat sheet, but I got nothing.

Firstly, what case do the following words belong to? e,g, Polska, Россия

Secondly, what case should be used when they combine with the word "ball"?

Thirdly, what case should the word "ball" use?

I need your help. Thanks.